Across the world, falling birth rates are no longer discussed as a private matter; they are increasingly framed as a problem of national endurance. According to recent UN data, the global fertility rate was about 2.2 births per woman in 2024, down sharply from roughly 5 in the 1960s, and more than half of all countries are now below the replacement level of 2.1. Nearly one fifth of countries and territories—including China, Italy, South Korea and Spain—have already entered “ultra-low” fertility, below 1.4. In Japan, births fell to 686,061 in 2024 and the fertility rate dropped to a record low of 1.15; in South Korea, births rose slightly to 238,300 and the fertility rate edged up to 0.75, but the country remains far below replacement. (un.org)
Why, then, do governments keep urging citizens to have more children? The blunt answer is that modern states were built on the assumption that each generation would be replaced by another of similar size. When that stops happening, the consequences spread outward: fewer workers, fewer taxpayers, more elderly dependants, and greater pressure on pensions, healthcare systems, and long-term growth. OECD data show that across its member countries, the number of people aged over 65 per 100 working-age adults rose from 21 in 1994 to 33 in 2024, while the IMF warns that shrinking workforces can weigh on growth and public finances. In Japan, Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba has called the declining birthrate and population decline a “silent emergency” affecting “the very foundations” of the nation. (oecd.org)
Yet the official cry of “have more babies” often misdiagnoses the problem. UNFPA’s 2025 State of World Population report argues that the real crisis is not that people have stopped wanting children, but that many cannot achieve the family size they want. Roughly one in five adults worldwide expect not to have their desired number of children, citing the cost of parenthood, insecure work, housing pressures, lack of a suitable partner, fear of the future, and persistent sexism. OECD and UN analyses likewise suggest that durable fertility support comes less from slogans or one-off cash bonuses than from making work and family genuinely compatible through childcare, parental leave, housing support, and gender equality. In other words, states pressure people to reproduce because they fear demographic decline; but if they want more births, coercive rhetoric is weaker than structural reform. (unfpa.org)










