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QRコードの仕組みと解読プロセスを徹底解説

Understanding QR Codes: A Deep Dive into Their Structure and Decoding Process

QRコードは一見複雑に見えますが、その構造を理解することで手動で解読することも可能です。本記事では、QRコードの基本構成要素からデータの読み取り方法、マスクパターンの解除、そしてプログラムによる実装方法までを詳しく解説します。QRコードの解読を通じて、情報理論や誤り訂正、画像処理などの知識を深めることができるでしょう。興味深いこの挑戦に、ぜひ一緒に取り組んでみましょう。
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Dissecting the Structure
of a QR Code

QR codes
may seem complex
at first glance,
but they actually
have a logical structure.
By understanding this structure,
it is possible
to decode them manually.

Basic Components

  1. Finder Pattern
    : Large squares
    located at three corners
    of the QR code.
    These are used
    to determine the position
    and orientation
    of the QR code.
  2. Alignment Pattern
    : Small squares
    present in QR codes
    of version 2 and above.
    These are used
    for correcting distortions.
  3. Timing Pattern
    : Alternating black and white patterns.
    These are used
    to accurately determine
    the position of the cells.
  4. Format Information
    : Located around
    the finder patterns.
    This includes information
    about the error correction level
    and mask pattern.
  5. Version Information
    : Present in QR codes
    of version 7 and above.
    This indicates
    the version of the QR code.
  6. Data Area
    : The area
    where the actual data
    is stored.

Decoding Format Information

Format information
consists of 15 bits
and includes
the following information:
[Error Correction Level (2 bits)]
[Mask Pattern (3 bits)]
[Error Correction Data (10 bits)]
This data is masked
with
101010000010010
using XOR.
First, this mask
needs to be removed.

Reading the Data

  1. Mode Indicator
    : The first 4 bits
    indicate the data mode
    (numeric, alphanumeric, byte, kanji).
  2. Character Count Indicator
    : The number of bits
    indicating the character count
    depends on the mode.
  3. Data
    : The actual data
    is encoded here.
  4. Terminator Pattern
    : A pattern of 0000
    indicating the end
    of the data.

Removing the Mask Pattern

One of the eight mask patterns
is applied to the data area.
The mask pattern
is determined by
the following formulas:
(i, j) = (row number, column number)
0: (i + j) mod 2 = 0
1: i mod 2 = 0
2: j mod 3 = 0
3: (i + j) mod 3 = 0
4: ((i div 2) + (j div 3)) mod 2 = 0
5: (i * j) mod 2 + (i * j) mod 3 = 0
6: ((i * j) mod 2 + (i * j) mod 3) mod 2 = 0
7: ((i + j) mod 2 + (i * j) mod 3) mod 2 = 0
By inverting the color
of the cells
corresponding to the mask pattern,
the original data
can be restored.

Converting the Data

The data is divided
into 8-bit segments
and decoded
according to the mode.
For example,
in alphanumeric mode:
11 bits encode 2 characters
(value of the 1st character * 45 + value of the 2nd character)
By converting in this way,
the original data
can be restored.

Implementing the Program

When decoding with a program,
the following steps
are taken:
  1. Use an image processing library
    to binarize the QR code.
  2. Detect the finder patterns
    and determine the orientation
    of the QR code.
  3. Read the format information
    to determine the error correction level
    and mask pattern.
  4. Read the data area
    and remove the mask.
  5. Retrieve the data
    as a bit sequence
    and decode it
    according to the mode.
import cv2
import numpy as np
def decode_qr(image_path):
# Load and binarize the image
img = cv2.imread(image_path, cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
, binary = cv2.threshold(img, 128, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
          
# Detect the finder patterns
# ...
# Read the format information
# ...
# Read the data and remove the mask
# ...
# Decode the data
# ...
return decoded_data

Example usage

result = decode_qr('qr_code.png')
print(result)
By implementing this,
the process of manually decoding
a QR code
can be replicated programmatically.
Decoding QR codes
is an intriguing challenge
that goes beyond
simply reading barcodes.
It requires an understanding
of data structures
and encoding.
Through this process,
one can deepen their knowledge
in various fields
such as information theory,
error correction,
and image processing.
by shimojik
作成:2024/08/11 16:24
レベル:中上級 (語彙目安:4000〜6000語)

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